Planographic, including lithography, also known as "offset printing", where the image rests on the surface of the matrix, which can therefore often be reused.The matrix is then just inked and printed, not wiped as described above. Relief prints, including woodcut, where the matrix is cut away to leave the image-making part on the original surface.Common uses still include some postage stamps and paper currency, at one time used for all mass-printed materials including banknotes, stock certificates, newspapers, etc.Īpart from intaglio, the other traditional families, or groups of printmaking techniques are:.Formerly used extensively for high-quality magazines, fabrics and wallpapers.Plates are usually made from copper or zinc.The appearance of engraving is sometimes mimicked for items such as wedding invitations by producing an embossment around lettering printed by another process (such as lithography or offset) to suggest the edges of an engraving plate. Today intaglio engraving is largely used for currency, banknotes, passports and occasionally for high-value postage stamps. The golden age of artists engraving was 1450–1550, after which the technique lost ground to etching as a medium for artists, although engravings continued to be produced in huge numbers until after the invention of photography. Drypoint and etching were also German inventions of the fifteenth century, probably by the Housebook Master and Daniel Hopfer respectively. Italian and Netherlandish engraving began slightly after the Germans, but were well developed by 1500. Martin Schongauer was one of the earliest known artists to exploit the copper-engraving technique, and Albrecht Dürer is one of the most famous intaglio artists. It has been suggested that goldsmiths began to print impressions of their work to record the design, and that printmaking developed from that. Engraving had been used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork, including armour, musical instruments and religious objects since ancient times, and the niello technique, which involved rubbing an alloy into the lines to give a contrasting colour, also goes back to late antiquity. Intaglio engraving, as a method of making prints, was invented in Germany by the 1430s, well after the woodcut print. Main articles: old master print and line engraving The blanket is then lifted, revealing the paper and printed image. The rolling press applies very high pressure through the blanket to push the paper into the grooves on the plate. The paper and plate are then covered by a thick blanket to ensure even pressure when going through the rolling press. A damp piece of paper is placed on top of the plate, so that when going through the press the damp paper will be able to be squeezed into the plate's ink-filled grooves. The final smooth wipe is often done with newspaper or old public phone book pages, leaving ink only in the incisions. The plate is and then rubbed with tarlatan cloth to remove most of the excess ink. To print an intaglio plate, ink is applied to the surface by wiping and/or dabbing the plate to push the ink into the bitten grooves. After the plate is sufficiently bitten, the plate is removed from the acid bath, and the ground is removed to prepare for the next step in printing. Biting is a printmaking term to describe the acid's etching, or incising, of the image.
The acid bites into the surface of the plate where it was exposed. Using an etching needle, or a similar tool, the image is engraved into the ground, revealing the plate underneath. In the form of intaglio printing called etching, the plate is covered in a resin ground or an acid-resistant wax material.
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